Investigating candidate genes for an association with skin color pattern in the mimic poison frog Ranitomeya imitator

Understanding the genetic basis of adaptive traits can help us better understand their evolution. The mimic poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator, is native to Peru. Like many other species of poison frogs, it has aposematic coloration to warn predators of its toxicity, so that its dorsal color pattern is directly linked to its survival. Recently, R. imitator has undergone a mimetic radiation, in which it has evolved to mimic three species of congeneric poison frogs. This mimicry has caused a divergence of color pattern within R. imitator, giving rise to four different color pattern morphs (striped, spotted, banded, and varadero). In this thesis, the main objective is to investigate the genetic basis of this phenotypic divergence. Here, we focus specifically on investigating candidate color pattern genes in the striped and banded morphs, which differ mainly in their dorsal color (yellow to orange), hindlimb color (green to orange), and their dorsal pattern (striped to banded). To do this, we formed a lab-reared pedigree by crossing two morphs of R. imitator (striped and banded) for two generations. For each individual in the pedigree, we amplified each candidate gene (asip, mc1r, bsn, and retsat) and sequenced them via Sanger sequencing. To determine phenotypes, we took spectral reflectance measurements and photos of each frog. We analyzed and summarized spectral reflectance data using the PAVO package in R. The photos were analyzed using a program written by Tyler Linderoth, which quantifies the orientation of the dorsal stripes/bands. We used the program Merlin to test for a genotype-phenotype association. Our tests indicated associations between genotype and color pattern phenotypes for all four candidate genes tested. Our results show that these genes are promising candidates for controlling aspects of skin color pattern in R. imitator. Further study of these genes will help elucidate the proximate mechanisms of phenotypic divergence in R. imitator, giving us a better understanding of the evolution of aposematism in this species and potential insights into the molecular basis of skin color pattern more generally

Notes toward a supreme (legal) fiction

Maksymilian Del Mar’s new book, Artefacts of Legal Inquiry: The Value of Imagination in Adjudication offers a finely drawn map of various ways of reasoning in and through law. The book is about the ways that thoughts, values, commitments and ways of seeing, move, take hold, settle, startle and – at times – release grip, reorient, and/or transmute. It is a book that is teeming with references. There are threads to pull at everywhere

Emotions and Precedent

The philosophy of emotion raises complications for theories of precedent. This chapter argues that it is productive to think of the effect of some precedents as facets of legal reasoning that are related to the use and understanding of legal concepts as thick concepts. In legal reasoning, precedents are routinely invoked to explicate, and/or clarify the content of legal concepts that are at issue in a case. This chapter develops an argument by Bernard Williams, i.e., that one must avoid the risk of over-generalizing the relationship of emotions to thick concepts, by placing it in the context of legal reasoning. It argues that the several distinctive ways that emotions might interact with thick legal concepts pose challenges for any general theoretical account of precedent in legal reasoning. A focus on these different roles that emotions can play in judicial uses of precedent illuminates some of the more subtle ways in which these uses reveal held values, ways of seeing, and political commitments. The chapter finds that in at least some cases where a precedent is invoked to thicken the understanding of a legal concept at issue in a case, variations in the emotional architecture associated with that invocation will come in direct tension with the legal concept under examination, or with other legal values and principles that pertain to equality, and equal treatment under law